Modeling of Ce（IV） transport through a dispersion flat combined liquid membrane with carrier P507

A mathematical model for the transport of Ce （IV） from hydrochloric acid solutions through dispersion flat combined liquid membrane （DFCLM） with contain 2- ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid-mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester （P507） as the carrier, dissolved in kerosene as the membrane solution have been studied. This process of facilitated transport, based on membrane technology, is a variation on the conventional technique of solvent extraction and may be described mathematically using Fick＇s second law. The equations for transport velocity are derived considering the diffusion of P507 and its metallic complexes through the liquid membrane. In this work, the system is considered to be in a transient state, and chemical reaction between Ce（IV） and the carrier to take place only at the solvent-aqueous interfaces. Model concentration profiles are obtained for the Ce（IV）, from which extraction velocities are predicted. The experimental and simulated Ce（IV） extractions showed similar tendencies for a high Ce （IV） concentration and acidity case.The model results indicate that high initial Ce（IV） concentrations and acidity both have detrimental effects on Ce（IV） extraction and stripping. The diffusion coefficient of Ce（IV） in the membrane and the thickness of diffusion layer between feed phase and membrane phase are obtained and the values are 6.31 × 10-8m2·s-1 and 31.2 μm, respectively. The results are in good agreement with experimental results.     

Effects of two root-secreted phenolic compounds from a subalpine coniferous species on soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass

In order to evaluate the ecological consequences and potential mechanisms of specific C compounds on soil microbial processes under climate warming, we injected solutions of two modelled root exudates, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester (DBP), respectively, into soil at two concentrations (20 and 1000?µg?g^?1 soil). For all treatments, soils amended with the two phenolic compounds were incubated at two temperatures (20°C and 30°C) for 30 days. The responses of soil enzyme activity and microbial property to modelled root exudates to some extent depended on temperature regime, exudation component, and addition concentration. For example, the addition of BHT tended to decrease the soil enzyme activities. However, DBP addition generally increased the two metabolic enzyme activities at 30°C, and tended to decrease the two enzyme activities at 20°C, but a significant reduction was observed only at a high concentration at 20°C. The microbial biomass and enzyme activity were generally lower at 30°C compared to those at 20°C, when averaged across all treatment combinations. Taken together, our results indicated that the amounts and quality of liable root-derived C can differentially affect microbial processes, and various environmental changes will greatly complicate root–microbe–soil interactions in forests.     

食醋中总酸、总酯含量的连续测定

提出了利用连续分析技术定量地测定食醋中总酸、总酯的含量。操作简捷、快速、准确、所获的结果与常规法基本一致,此法对食醋的质量控制具有一定的现实意义。     

邻苯二甲酸酯复合污染对土壤微生态的影响

在实验室模拟条件下,通过测定土壤呼吸,w(PAEs)和微生物RAPD条带数,研究了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)3种PAEs复合污染对农田土壤基础呼吸、微生物多样性的影响. 结果表明,PAEs污染初期的土壤基础呼吸被激活,但这种激活作用随着培养时间的延长而减弱,400 mg/kg组土壤基础呼吸最高;3种PAEs含量均有一定程度的下降,其中w(DEP)显著降低;试验终止时各组多样性条带的比例较预培养后有所增加(平均增加13%);不同处理组土壤微生物群落DNA序列Shannon-Weaver指数顺序为0 mg/kg>50 mg/kg>100 mg/kg>200 mg/kg>400 mg/kg. 可见,PAEs复合污染提高了土壤基础呼吸,但降低了土壤微生物多样性.      

Occurrence and fate of endogenous steroid hormones, alkylphenol ethoxylates, bisphenol A and phthalates in municipal sewage treatment systems

Steroid hormones, alkylphenol ethoxylates(APEOs) and phthalic acid esters(PAEs) are emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) that can interfere with the endocrine function in organisms at low concentrations. The occurrence, distribution behavior, removal rate and the fate of 31 target EDCs in sewage treatment plants, which consist of various treatment facilities and receiving water in Hong Kong, were investigated. Estrone,nonylphenol-di-ethoxylate and diethyl phthalate were found to be dominant in each group of influent samples with concentrations ranging from 11–33, 747–3945 and 445–4635 ng/L,respectively. Conversely, progesterone, nonylphenol-mono-ethoxylate and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate were the most abundant in dewatered sludge, with concentrations ranging from 0.9–237, 75–19,743 and 4310–37,016 ng/g(dry weight). The removal rates of primary sedimentation and disinfection approaches were lower than 30% for most of the chemicals,while those of activated sludge and reverse osmosis were greater than 80% for more than two-thirds of the compounds, noticeably decreasing the estrogenic risk of sewage discharged into the environment. Steroid hormones were removed via biological degradation, while some APEOs and PAEs adsorbed to the sludge. Victoria Harbor poses a low to medium estrogenic risk mainly contributed by estrone and estradiol and deserves attention.     

11种邻苯二甲酸酯在好氧污水处理系统中的归趋

邻苯二甲酸酯具有内分泌干扰效应,已对环境生物带来了较大的风险.研究了11种邻苯二甲酸酯的好氧生物降解性,及在活性污泥中的去除特性.快速生物降解性测试结果表明邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(dimethyl phthalate,DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲氧乙酯(dimethoxyethyl phthalate,BMEP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(diethyl phthalate,DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(diisobutyl phthalate,DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二戊酯(dinamyl phthalate,DNPP)、邻苯二甲酸二己酯(di-n-hexyl phthalate,DNHP)以及邻苯二甲酸-二(2-乙基)己酯[bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP]具有快速生物降解性,邻苯二甲酸二壬酯(dinonyl phthalate,DNP)及邻苯二甲酸二环己酯(dicyclohexyl phthalate,DHP)28d生物降解但未通过10 d观察期,邻苯二甲酸二苯酯(diphenyl phthalate,DPP)28 d生物降解率只有43.5%.好氧污泥降解动力学实验中,11种邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalic acid esters,PAEs)降解随时间变化呈典型的一级动力学规律,相关系数r20.96,降解速率常数为0.021~1.11h-1,降解半衰期在0.625~32.7 h之间.在室内好氧污泥模拟实验中,当水力停留时间为12 h时候,DNPP生物去除率为55%~70%,其余10种PAEs去除率大于80%,当水力停留时间为24 h时,所有PAEs去除率都达到90%以上.使用GC/MS分析了PAEs在好氧生化污水处理厂中的暴露水平,结果表明,DMP、DEP、DIBP、DBP以及DEHP在二级出水浓度分别为ND~44.0、ND~12.0、60.4~594、88.0~823和130~728 ng·L~(-1),PAEs在不同STP中的去除率结果差异较大,可能与STP运行工艺和运营水平有关.STP模型预测结果表明,PAEs在STP中的去除过程主要为生物降解,DPP、DNP和DEHP由于较高的lg Koc,可一定程度地被污泥吸附去除.     

土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的降解及其对土壤酶活性的影响

邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs)是一类在环境中广泛存在的有毒有机化合物,本研究探讨了不同浓度梯度的4种PAEs在土壤中的降解,及其对不同土壤酶活性的影响.用GC-MS法测定土壤溶液中PAEs的浓度,结果表明,土壤中的微生物对PAEs的降解起主要作用,对降解数据拟合发现,PAEs降解符合一级动力学方程,并且碳链越短的酯降解效果越好,降解速率越高.在相对高浓度的PAE30环境中,碳链较长的DnOP的降解效率要低于相对低浓度时的降解率,且在40 d后只能降解73%.采用标准方法测定基质酶的活性,在PAEs加入土壤之后,β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性均有变化.磷酸酶的活性先降低后升高,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性缓慢下降,蛋白酶活性先升高后降低,脲酶则呈逐渐升高的趋势.但是随着胁迫时间的延长(20 d后),除了β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性继续降低,其他酶活性都逐渐恢复,并超过了对照组.     

Pollution characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Hangzhou

Phthalate esters (PAEs), typical pollutants widely used as plasticizers, are ubiquitous in various indoor and outdoor environments. PAEs exist in both gas and particle phases, posing risks to human health. In the present study, we chose four typical kinds of indoor and outdoor environments with the longest average human residence times to assess the human exposure in Hangzhou, including newly decorated residences, ordinary residences, offices and outdoor air. In order to analyze the pollution levels and characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase PAEs in indoor and outdoor environments, air and particulate samples were collected simultaneously. The total PAEs concentrations in the four types of environments were 25,396, 25,466.8, 15,388.8 and 3616.2?ng/m³, respectively. DEHP and DEP were the most abundant, and DMPP was at the lowest level. Distinct variations in the distributions of indoor/outdoor, gas/particle-phase and different molecular weights of PAEs were observed, showing that indoor environments were the main sources of PAEs pollution. While most PAEs tended to exsit in indoor sites and gas-phase, the high-molecular-weight chemicals tended to exist in the particle-phase and were mainly found in PM_2.5. PAEs were more likely adsorbed by small particles, especially for the indoor environments. There existed a good correlation between the particle matter concentrations and the PAEs levels. In addition, neither temperature nor humidity had obvious effects on the distributions of the PAEs concentrations.     

酸性磷酸酯的气相色谱分析

通过对酸性磷酸酯的季铵盐热裂解,硅烷化,碘甲烷甲酯化和重氮甲烷甲酯化等衍生化方法进行比较,研究碘甲烷甲酯化方法为权性磷到酯最佳衍生化方法,对到性磷酸酯碘甲烷甲酯化方法的气相色谱的定量分析进行了系统的研究,建立了酸性磷酸酯的简便,快速,准确,灵敏度高的气相色谱分析法,单２－乙基己基膦酸单２－乙基己基酯的回收率为９７．０％￣１１１％,最小检出量为０．９２ｎｇ;二（２－乙基己基）磷酸（Ｐ２０４）的回收率     

树脂基复合材料模拟海洋环境长期老化及失效行为

目的 实现高性能树脂基复合材料的环境适应性评价和使用寿命预测。方法 选取玻璃纤维增强不饱和聚酯(GF/197S)与玻璃纤维增强乙烯基脂(GF/905-2)2种树脂基轻质复合材料,开展模拟海洋环境实验室盐雾、湿热和盐水浸泡环境9 600 h的加速老化试验。基于4种力学性能(拉伸强度、弯曲强度、压缩强度及层间剪切强度)开展材料老化行为规律研究,利用傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)对树脂基体在3种加速老化环境中的分子链段与官能团变化情况进行分析,得到基体树脂的老化机理。利用外观、超声扫描成像、SEM分析树脂纤维界面的变化情况,明确树脂/纤维界面的失效模式。利用差示扫描量热分析(DSC)与热重分析(TG)分析3种加速老化方式对玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(GFRPC)的玻璃化转变温度(tg)与热质量损失的影响。结果 3种老化方式对树脂基体的老化影响顺序依次为70 ℃/95%RH湿热、35 ℃盐雾、常温盐水浸泡。结论 得到了先进轻质树脂基复合材料的模拟海洋环境老化行为、失效模式以及树脂基体的老化机理,为实现高性能树脂基复合材料的环境适应性评价和使用寿命预测奠定了基础。